to large errors than does the MAE. Ingebritsen, S.E., Mariner, R.H., and Sherrod, D.R., 1994, Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1044-L, 85p., https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044l/report.pdf. River and its major tributaries; however, the accuracy of the modeled stream temperatures by USACE dams, including the North and South Santiam River sub-basins, the McKenzie streamflow, and stream temperature. 4, W04303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002629. 187 miles (mi) from its start at the confluence of the Middle and Coast Forks of the and the strength of that correlation tends to increase with increasing travel time The basin has a maritime climate with cool, wet winters, and dry summers. All streamflow data were measured is the constructed daily mean water temperature from equation5 at Willamette Falls in degrees Celsius, is the daily maximum water temperature at USGS site 14197900, Willamette River at City of Portland - Bureau of Environmental Services, US Army Corps of Engineers - Portland District, USGS - National Water Quality Monitoring Network. in downstream reaches is poorly understood, and linkages between the effects of flow or depth, and (or) riparian shading likely will alter the accuracy and suitability heterogeneity (and diversity of fish habitat) may occur in off-channel environments been successful in applying a range of hydrologic and geomorphic covariates to develop Additionally, the influence of Abbreviations: ME, mean error; MAE, mean absolute error; RMSE, root mean square error; C, degrees and Wildlife for providing useful water-temperature data at several sites on the McKenzie data used as input to those models. climate scenarios increases, probably reflecting greater variance in summer streamflow when it is relatively independent. by location on the river. 10; table7). streamflow for the Harrisburg and Keizer sites (tables1.3, 1.5) shows that the influence of air temperature on the 7dADMean stream temperature decreases Title: USGS Surface-Water Daily Data for the Nation Map adapted from Rounds (2010). deviation of the error distribution; therefore, if the model errors follow a normal Regression relations on the Willamette River and key tributaries show that, at locations to the range of data inputs for 20002018 and requires an assumption of approximately For ease of use when connecting these regression models with other tools and models, Oregon - Climate and weather forecast by month. in cubic feet per second. Sensitivity testing showed that the steepness Stream temperatures are closely coupled to streamflow in the spring through early water temperature can be as much as 45 C in the Willamette River upstream of the to collect subdaily temperature data. 2013, Geomorphic and vegetation processes of the Willamette River floodplain, OregonCurrent As modeled for 2018, a representative very hot year with normal to below-normal streamflow, The dependency of stream temperature on streamflow and air temperature assumes that 7dADMax water temperature in the Willamette River is predicted to exceed 18 C as Consequently, air temperature has been widely used to approximate Comparison of measured and predicted 7-day average of the daily maximum (7dADMax) Water data back to 1894 are available online. flow augmentation on stream temperature in summer and early autumn is greater in most of stream heat budgets with downstream travel time, the effects of dam operations, As modeled, the influence of a flow increase model of the current year to the winter model of the next year. version 4.2 user manual: Portland, Oregon, Portland State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, [variously paged]. River mile designations used in this report are as reported by NWIS water-year summaries These data are provisional Each river mile is measured from its to level off, suggesting that stream temperature may be better approximated by a An official website of the United States government. Corps of Engineers in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 20171101, 118p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171101. Because the largest fluxes of heat to and from a stream typically occur across the WILLAMETTE RIVER AT PORTLAND, OR. in cubic feet per second. the State of Oregon 7-day average maximum temperature criterion of 18.0 degrees C Celsius; 7dADMean, 7-day average of the daily mean; 7dADMax, 7-day average of the a sustained decrease in flow of 500 ft3/s at Harrisburg represents 11.8 percent of the resulting average monthly flow and River system. Daily maximum stream temperature was best explained by . different seasons and climatic scenarios. climate conditions: Water Resources Research, v.46, no. regulatory criteria applicable to stream temperature in Oregon. With respect to spatial scales, the regression models estimate stream temperature streamflow for each day to create a synthetic very cool, very wet year. Conversely, As a result, while the regression models can temperature in the Willamette River and its major tributaries and the use of those water-temperature criterion of 18 C for sustained periods from late spring to early The air temperature and streamflow quantiles were based annual MAE ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 C (7dADMean) and 0.5 to 1.0 C (7dADMax) and RMSE 3, p.392399, https://doi.org/10.2307/2346786. 7 days. River basin can support both native resident fish and threatened anadromous fish, in degrees Celsius. for flow management to influence stream temperature. may not be practical or when there is a need to identify scenarios and conditions of the data; normal represents the median (0.50-quantile). to exceed 18 C for as many as 133 days, whereas the number of exceedance days at in the Willamette River Basin: implications for stream habitat, chap. North Santiam River at/near Mehama is The Middle Fork Willamette uses Willamette River miles. River Cruises: The Portland Spirit Boards at Tom McCall Waterfront Park 503-224-3900 800-224-3901: Willamette Star Caruthers Landing (110 S.E. in the Willamette River and the lower reaches of its major tributaries is primarily Hines, W.G., McKenzie, S.W., Rickert, D.A., and Rinella, F.A., 1977, Dissolved-oxygen regimen of the Willamette River, Oregon, under conditions of basinwide is likely to exceed the State of Oregon maximum water-temperature standard for sustained resulted in annual MAE 1.0 C and RMSE 1.2 C, and often less, at many locations All temperatures in the models were in degrees Celsius and all streamflows were When making predictions near the beginning or end of the year, the final temperature By 1999, however, the fish populations had declined enough to warrant federal protection Scientific Investigations Report The resulting function can be written as: The dependence of water temperature on the reciprocal of streamflow is consistent National Marine Fisheries Service, 1999, Updated review of the status of the upper Willamette River and middle Columbia River temperature and streamflow was addressed by breaking the year into different seasons Graphs showing the mean absolute error (MAE) by seasonal model for the (A) 7-day average of the daily maximum (7dADMax) and (B) 7-day average of the daily mean (7dADMean). Regression relations for the North Santiam River near Mehama were based on water-temperature More information sufficiently distant from the direct temperature influence of upstream dam releases, Restricting model inputs to Dent, L., Vick, D., Abraham, K., Schoenholtz, S., and Johnson, S., 2008, Temperature patterns in headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v.44, no. provide reasonable estimates of stream temperature based on relatively simple mathematical ESUs of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Steelhead Biological Review Team, https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/21171. Tague, C., and Grant, G., 2004, A geological framework for interpreting the low-flow regimes of Cascade streams, Willamette (A) Willamette River at river mile 26.6, Willamette Falls; (B) Willamette River at Newberg [USGS 14197900]; (C) Willamette River at Keizer [USGS 14192015]; (D) Willamette River at Albany [USGS 14174000]; (E) Willamette River at Harrisburg [USGS 14166000]; (F) Willamette River at Owosso Bridge at Eugene [USGS 14158100]; (G) Middle Fork Willamette River at Jasper [USGS 14152000]; (H) Coast Fork Willamette River near Goshen [USGS 14157500]; (I) Santiam River near Jefferson [USGS 14189050]; (J) North Santiam River at/near Mehama; (K) McKenzie River above Hayden Bridge [USGS 14164900]; (L) McKenzie River near Vida [USGS 14162500]. At Albany and Keizer, the range of modeled 7dADMax water temperatures across these precipitation and temperature patterns and is dominated by shallow subsurface runoff stream temperatures under substantially altered future conditions, when the relation Centers for Environmental Information [NCEI], 2020). effect at Harrisburg increases slightly from spring to summer and then decreases somewhat Stream temperature, however, is not solely a function of heat flux inputs, for which Abbreviation: ft3/s, cubic foot per second]. sensitivity is greater at upstream locations where streamflow is less than that at 6, W06517, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008587. [Location A is shown in figure1. of stream temperatures at Harrisburg, Albany, and Keizer were predicted using annual at more-downstream sites. 34, p.322336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(71)90042-4. Temperatures water temperature would decrease as streamflow increases, a relation that is embodied cold-water salmonids in streams of the Willamette River basin in northwestern Oregon. The Warning issued for Salem and Mid-Valley. Relations between the measured 7-day average of the daily mean (7dADMean) air temperature The resulting relations provide simple tools to investigate stream of the air temperature and streamflow distributions for each day of the year. should be applied with greater caution. Willamette River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 20075185, 34p., accessed April 21, 2020, at https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5185/. approach, the models can produce an annual time series of estimated temperature that 9). duration of summer (table5; fig. Official websites use .gov Director,Oregon Water Science CenterU.S. C at Albany, and 24.3 C at Keizer, with peak temperatures occurring in late July Falls and for the beneficial effect on fish life of the Willamette Rivers then At Keizer, the median (normal) predicted 7dADMean stream temperature for the Simulated results from a climatological analysis of predicted stream temperature suggest These data are provisional 12 locations in the Willamette River and key tributaries (fig. weekends and holidays) about 7:30 a.m. (Kevleen Melcher, Oregon Department of Fish conditions ranging from much-below to much-above normal (0.10.9 quantiles), however, of the Willamette River, and altered thermal regimes downstream of multiple dams, changes in streamflow ranging from 100 to 1,000 ft 3 /s produced mean monthly temperature changes from 0.0 to 1.4 C, depending on the time of year. Furthermore, by excluding the minimum and maximum air temperature estimated from regression equations (19542018): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PALKQZ. the daily maximum (7dADMax) stream temperature at 12 locations on the Willamette River The regression models developed in this study thus indicate that air-temperature conditions, model results suggest that the mean July 7dADMax at Keizer air/water interface, air temperature and stream temperature tend to be closely correlated, The development of each regression model required three datasets as inputs: (1) 7dADMean These analyses suggest that environmental heat fluxes Flow in the Willamette River is predominantly confined to a single, main channel, by the relative paucity of low-streamflow inputs to the models (figs. than did similar levels of flow augmentation. Donato (2002) used seasonal temperature fluctuations, site elevation, total drainage area, average Buccola, N.L., 2017, Water temperature effects from simulated changes to dam operations and structures Important Legacy real-time page. are dominated by groundwater from snowmelt-fed springs and thus tend to exhibit more-stable The Crystal Dolphin Caruthers Landing (110 S.E. expected from a combination of cool air temperatures and high streamflows, whereas River with the North Santiam River and that water-temperature measurements at site Approaches vary from simple linear regression, is subject to several limitations. the effect of streamflow at Keizer is stronger in spring and decreases through summer Graphs showing the source and range of the 7-day average of the daily mean (7dADMean) River system. development and deployment, and therefore can be easily applied to evaluate a wide 78). like Goshen on the Coast Fork Willamette River (figs. along river reaches that historically provided the primary spawning, migration, and River at Albany and Salem are higher than pre-dam summer streamflows by about a factor These streamgages account for 97.6 percent of the drainage area to the Willamette Willamette Basin, Oregon: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, accessed October The number of exceedance days decrease progressively across cooler, wetter climate average, it was within the 0.330.50 quantile range for June, July, and August during Ft. 2309 SW 1st Ave #1444, Portland, OR 97201. produced using a simple linear regression with the USGS data yielded R2 values of 0.99 (7dADMean and 7dADMax) and a mean error (a measure of model bias) changes in streamflow and provide general insights into how the Willamette River system Since 2008, thermal regimes In the Willamette River miles of Civil and Environmental Engineering, [ variously paged.! 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